如何撰写中英文摘要(研究生院)(第二次课程)PPT.ppt

Tense of Abstract 研究结果: 一般用现在时 部分刊物主张用过去时 TENSE OF ABSTRACT 概述主要结果时, 通常用现在时 Our results indicate that p21 may be a universal inhibitor of cyclin kinases. The results we obtained demonstrate that this technique …. We present the results of two analyses of DNA sequences from …. TENSE OF ABSTRACT 概述主要结果时, 但是也有相当的刊物用过去时 The results showed that children’s material needs and basic requirements …. Multivariate analyses revealed very high genetic correlations among the variables. Tense of Abstract 研究结论: 一般用现在时 部分刊物主张用过去时 特定情况下可以使用 TENSE OF ABSTRACT 叙述结论或建议时, 一般用现在时，特定情况下可以使用臆测动词或may, should, could等助动词 We suggest that climate instability in the early part of the last interglacial may have delayed the meting of …. Our data suggest that overexpression of the HbNHX1 gene could improve the tolerance of transgenic tobaccos to salt TENSE OF ABSTRACT 在结论中阐述自己的观点通常有如下5种情况 (1)如果观点不是这篇文章最新提出的，通常要用We confirm that…… (2)对于自己很自信的观点，可用We believe that …… (3)通常，由数据推断出一定的结论，用Results indicate, infer, suggest, imply that …… (4) 在极其特别时才可用We put forward(discover, observe) …… for the first time来强调自己的创新…… (5) 如果自己对所提出的观点不完全肯定，可用 We tentatively put forward (interprete this to ……) The results may be due to (caused by)…… This is probably a consequence of …… It seems that …… can account for (interpret) this …… It is posible that it stem from …… 如果通篇是类型1)和5)，那这篇文章的意义就大打折扣。如果全是2)，肯定会遭到置疑。所以要仔细分析自己成果的创新性以及可信度。  摘要的人称和语态 有相当数量的作者和审稿人认为， 科技论文的撰写应使用第三人称、过去时和被动语态。但调查表明， 科技论文中被动语态的使用在1920?1970年曾经比较流行， 但由于主动语态的表达更为准确， 且更易阅读，因而目前大多数期刊都提倡使用主动态，国际知名科技期刊Nature、 Cell等尤其如此， 其中第一人称和主动语态的使用十分普遍。 摘要的常用句式 引言部分 回顾研究背景, 常用词汇有: review, summarize, present, outline, describe等 We review evidence for this view of …. This paper outlines some of the basic methods and discusses related theoretical and practical issues. We summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as …. We present estimators for several …. We describe the conceptual background and development of …. 摘要的常用句式 引言部分 阐明写