Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and behavioral 功能性磁共振成像（fMRI）和行为.pptVIP

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Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and behavioral 功能性磁共振成像（fMRI）和行为.ppt

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Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and behavioral 功能性磁共振成像（fMRI）和行为

Neural Imaging II: Imaging Brain Function ANA 516: February 13, 2007 Jane E. Joseph, PhD Outline Physiological Basis of functional MRI (fMRI) Experimental Design and Data Analysis Issues Brief survey of fMRI studies in animals (mostly) What is fMRI? What is fMRI? What is fMRI? Brief History of MRI / fMRI Brief History of fMRI fMRI vs Other techniques fMRI vs Other techniques fMRI vs Other techniques Structural v. Functional MRI What is the physiological process or event that contributes to contrast in a functional image? Want to measure some aspect of neural activity, but fMRI does not do this directlyInstead, fMRI is based on changes in oxygen consumption and blood flow, which are indirectly related to neural activity Excitatory post-synaptic potentials (EPSPs), Inhibitory post-synaptic potentials (IPSPs), and Action potentials (APs) are not very metabolically demandingBut the return to resting state does require energy! How is blood flow related to neural activity?Increased neural activity causes release of vasoactive substances, which cause vessels (arterioles) to dilate – these effects can occur locally and upstream from the activity How are these physiological changes measured with MRI?Deoxygenated hemoglobin (dHb) is paramagnetic (e.g. has unpaired electrons) due to losing O2 moleculesdHb disrupts the magnetic field locally (dephasing spins shorten T2*) More dHb ? loss of MR signal Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent Contrast (BOLD):1. dHb is paramagnetic2. Surplus of oxygenated blood at sites of activation Early fMRI studies (Belliveau, et al. 1991) First BOLD fMRI studies (Kwong, et al. 1992) First BOLD fMRI studies (Kwong, et al. 1992) First BOLD fMRI studies (Blamire, et al. 1992) Blamire, et al. (1992) showed that the BOLD response is delayed relative to the neural events associated with stimulus presentation (hemodynamic lag)? we are not measuring neural processes directly BOLD response is related to neural activity (even though i