General Outline for Antibiotics课件.ppt

Quinolones Favorable pharmacological attributes Orally administered, quickly absorbed, even with a full stomach Excellent bioavailability in a wide range of tissues and body fluids (including inside cells) Mostly cleared by the kidneys Exceptions are pefloxacin and moxifloxacin which are metabolized by liver Ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, and pefloxacin are excreted in breast milk “Got Cipro?” Therapeutic Uses of Quinolones Urinary tract infections Prostatitis STD’s Chlamydia Chancroid Not syphilis or gonorrhea (due to increased resistance) Therapeutic Uses of Quinolones GI and abdominal Travelers diarrhea Shigellosis Typhoid fever Respiratory tract All work well against atypicals New agents for strep. pneumonia Therapeutic Uses of Quinolones Bone, joint, soft tissue Ideal for chronic osteomylitis Resistance developing in S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and S. marcesens Good against polymicrobial infections like diabetic foot ulcers Therapeutic Uses of Quinolones Ciprofloxacin for anthrax and tuleremia Combined with other drugs, useful for atypical Mycobacterium sp. or for prophylaxis in neutropenic patients Pulmonary Anthrax Toxicity/Contraindications of Quinolones Nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort (common) Diarrhea and antibiotic-associated colitis (uncommon to rare) CNS side effects Mild headache and dizziness (common to rare) Hallucinations, delirium, and seizures (rare) Arthropy in immature animals (common) Quinolones not given to children unless benefits outweigh the risks Leukopenia, eosinophila, heart arythmias (rare) The Beta-Lactams Penicillins Penicillium notatum produces the only naturally occuring agent – penicillin G or benzylpenicillin Dosage and potency based on IU (1 IU = 0.6 micrograms pure penicillin G) P. chrysogenum produces 6-aminopenicillanic acid, raw material for semi-synthetics Dosage and potency based on weight Penicillins Spectrum of activity based on R groups added to 6-aminopenicillanic acid core All are bactericidal and inhibit tra