数字信号处理 杨炼 教学课件-Chapter11-2015.pptVIP

* * * Supplement: Analysis of Finite Wordlength Effect Types of quantization Number representations Limit cycles Analysis of Finite Word-length Effects There are three types of finite word-length effect in DSP. (1) A/D Conversion noise (2) Coefficient Quantization of Filter (3) The Quantization of Arithmetic Operations § 1.The Quantization Process and Errors Fig. A general (b+1)-bit fixed-point fraction Fig. The quantization process model is called as quantization step. x: the original data : (b+1)-bit (employed truncation or rounding) § Quantization of Fixed-Point Numbers Fig illustrate quantization process. Range of quantization error. Rounding : Truncation or §2. A/D Conversion Noise Quantization Noise Model For example 3-bit bipolar A/D conversion with two’s-complement representation : full-scale range. and The analysis of error is based on assumptions: (b) is uncorrelated with (a) is a wide-sense stationary random process, white noise, with uniformly distribution (c) is a sample sequence of a stationary random process. Fig 9.17 In the case of rounding error, the mean and variance are given by The corresponding parameters for the two’s-complement truncation are as follows: Signal-to-Quantization Noise Ratio where is the input signal variance representing the signal power. In the case of a bipolar (b+1)-bit A/D converter, for rounding Hence So, : the rms value of input signal This expression can be used to determine the minimum word-length of an A/D converter needed to meet a specified SNRA/D Note: SNRA/D increases by 6 dB for each added bit to the word-length Computed values of the SNR for various values of K are as given below: Effect of Input Scaling on SNR For a given wordlength, the actual SNR depends on ?x , the rms value of the input signal amplitude and the full-scale range RFS of the A/D converter Example - Determine the SNR in the digital equivalent