微生物遗传与生物技术(MICROBIAL.ppt

微生物遺傳與生物技術(Microbial Genetics and Biotechnology) 金門大學 食品科學系 何國傑 教授 Autonomously replicating genetic entities (3) the transposable  elements Transposons ※ Transposons are DNA elements that can hop, or transpose, from one place in DNA to another. They are also called “jumping genes”. They carry the enzyme, transposase responsible for transposition, the movement by a transposon. ※ They are discovered by Barbara McClintock in the early 1950s. ※ The transposons now exist in all organisms on the earth, including human. ※ Transposons may offer a way of introducing genes from one bacterium into the chromosome of another bacterium to which it has little DNA sequence homology, so they obviously play an important role in evolution. Transposons ※ Transposition must be tightly regulated and occur only rarely; otherwise, the cellular DNA would become riddled with the transposons, which would have many deleterious effects. In fact, the frequency of transposition varies from once in every 103 to once in every 108 cell division, depending on the type of transposon. It is not higher than the chance of a gene inactivated by other mutation. Almost half of human genome may be the transposons. ※ Genome – The complete DNA sequence of an organism. 人類基因體計畫 人類的染色體為23對，其一半即為構成人類的基因體，約含有3 X 109鹼基對（bp），其大小約為大腸桿茵（4.2 X 106 bp）的1,000倍，這是否表示人類的基因體所含的基因數目為大腸桿茵的1,000倍（大腸桿茵有2,000個基因）。答案是否定的，人類基因體計畫的完成顯示人類的基大約有35,000個。所以人類基因體含有大量的〞廢物DNA（junk DNA）〞，約佔人類總DNA的97％，這些DNA包括基因中的隱子，基因間的重覆序列及所謂的跳躍基因。 The largest of component of the human genome consists of transposons. Other repetitive sequences include large duplications and simple repeats. Overview of transposition I. Types of bacterial tansposons 1. Insertion sequence (IS) elements (1) These transposons are usually only about 750 ~ 2000 bp long and encode little more than the