电气工程及其自动化专英语Chapter7PowerSystemProtections.ppt

Section 4 Distance Protection the fault is proportional to the ratio of voltage to current at the point. In an interconnected network in which there may be a number of power stations, the voltage-to-current ratio is a maximum at the power station and decreases along the various feeders to the fault where it is almost zero. Relays responding to this voltage/current ratio can therefore be used at various points on the system to give a measure of the distance or length of the line to the fault. By arranging the relays such that those nearest to the fault operate quicker than those at a farther distance, Section 4 Distance Protection discriminative tripping of the circuit breakers controlling the various feeders can be obtained. Usually, a 3-zone distance protection schemes is employed for transmission line protection. Standard 3-zone Protection The conventional distance relaying uses three distance measuring units (physically separate units or one unit for first and second zones with a timing unit to increase the reach of the former and a second unit for the third zone). The first zone unit which is set to cover usually between 80% and 90% of the first section, Section 4 Distance Protection is an instantaneous high speed relay while the second zone unit which is set to cover about 25% of the second section and the third zone unit which is set to cover up to the end of the second section are time-delayed relays. The time delays T2 and T3 for the second and third zones, respectively, are provided by a separate timer relay. Setting in the first zone for less than 100% of the length is made to avoid overreach of the relay into adjacent section. The overreach would occur because of the following : (i) Transient overreach of the relay, Section 4 Distance Protection (ii) Errors in the relay, (iii) Errors in the current transformers (CTs) and voltage transformers (VTs), (iv) Errors in the data on which the impedance settings are made. The main obje