Soil Solutions土壤的解决的方案.pptVIP

Soil Solutions Continued aqueous liquid phase of the soil and its solutes A letter from an expert… Atomic structure of water Hydrogen Bonding Water is a powerful solvent Hydrated ion Inner-sphere complexes Interaction between metal ions and ligands where no water molecules are present Ions are fixed irreversibly or tightly bound, thus not water-extractable or plant available Outer-sphere complexes and ion pairs Water molecules are positioned between the metal ion and the ligand These ions are loosely bound and easily exchanged with other ions in solution Ion pairs are uncharged outer-sphere complexes in solution Surface Complexation of Uranium(VI) Carbonate Adsorbed on Montmorillonite Solvated ion pair Ion pair solvated by water molecules Speciation - the distribution of ions and complexes in their various forms (species) Measurement of soil solution What to measure: intensity or concentration (how much is there) total dissolved quantity of an element, moles/L, mg/L, or some amount per volume capacity factor - ability of solids to resupply depleted ions through dissolution, weathering, geochemical cycling, etc. How to measure soil solution In situ Use lysimeters, suction cups, or collect drainage from soil. very difficult due to changing water contents and redox conditions, precipitation of compounds near collection points, access to soil pores, etc Combined tensiometer-soil solution sampler Measuring soil solution in laboratory more common, but not as accurate Displacement techniques With or w/o non-polar displacing chemicals Centrifugation (spinning the soil at a high speed pulls the liquid out of the pores) Saturation paste extracts or any ratio of soil to water mixture Displacement by a non-polar chemical (e.g., CCl4) Saturated Paste Extracts Collecting soil solution * /.../chemistryreview6.cfm How salt dissolves in water /.../chemistryreview6.cfm /acad/sci/aboutwater.html http://nmr.ioc.ac.ru/Staff/AnanikovVP/127i-nmr/127i.htm Schematic d