Solutions Ms Lisa ColeBHS Science解决的方案丽莎科尔——BHS科学.pptVIP

Colligative Properties Colligative properties are physical properties that depend on the number, not the kind, of solute particles in a given amount of solvent. There are four important colligative properties: vapor pressure lowering, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, osmotic pressure Lowering of Vapor Pressure Solutions containing a nonvolatile liquid or a solid as a solute always has a lower vapor pressure than the pure solvent. When a solute is dissolved, there are fewer solvent molecules at the surface of the liquid. Therefore, the solvent molecules vaporize at a slower rate than if no solute were present. The lowering of the vapor pressure of a solvent due to the presence of a nonvolatile solute is summarized by Raoult’s Law. Raoult’s Law The vapor pressure of a solvent in an ideal solution is directly proportional to the mole fraction of the solvent in the solution. Psolvent = Xsolvent P0solvent The lowering of the vapor pressure can be expressed as: ΔPsolvent = XsoluteP0solvent Sample Problem Determine the vapor pressure lowering of a sucrose solution made by dissolving 50.0 g of sucrose (C12H22O11) in 117 g of water. The vapor pressure of pure water at 25oC is 23.8 torr. Sample Problem #2 Predict the vapor pressure of a solution made by mixing 35.0 g of solid Na2SO4 with 175 g water at 25oC. The vapor pressure of pure water at 25oC is 23.76 torr. Sample Problem #3 At 40oC, the vapor pressure of pure heptane is 92.0 torr and the vapor pressure of pure octane is 31.0 torr. Consider a solution that contains 1.00 mole of heptane and 4.00 moles of octane. Calculate the vapor pressure of each component and the total vapor pressure above the solution. Boiling Point Elevation A nonvolatile solute elevates the boiling point of the solvent. Boiling occurs at a temperature where the vapor pressure is equal to 1 atm. Addition of a nonvolatile solute lowers vapor pressure. Therefore, a solution must be heated to a higher temperature th