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Solutions Chapter 14 Types of Solution A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. Solvent – medium in which the solute dissolves Usually a liquid Usually the most abundant species 10 grams of H2O(l) in 25 grams of CH3OH(l) Solute – substance that is dissolved Discuss (review) homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures Spontaneity of the Dissolution Process Dissolving a substance in a solvent (usually a liquid) Dissolving with a reaction 2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) ? 2Na+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) + H2(g) Dissolving without a reaction We will focus on the latter type of dissolution. Spontaneity of the Dissolution Process Two major factors determine the dissolution of solutes Change in energy, ?Hsolution An _____ process (a decrease in energy) favors dissolution. An _____ process (an increase in energy) does not favor dissolution. Change in disorder or randomness, ?Smixing ______ in disorder favors dissolution. ______ in disorder does not favor dissolution. When a substance dissolves the disorder of the system almost always increases. Spontaneity of the Dissolution Process Heat of solution, ?Hsolution, primarily depends on the strength of ____________ between solute and solvent particles. A negative value indicates that heat is _____ favoring dissolution. The larger the magnitude of the value, the more dissolution is favored. Factors affecting ?Hsolution Solute-solute attractions Weak attractions favor solubility (why?) Solvent-solvent attractions Weak attractions favor solubility (why?) Solvent-solute attractions Strong attractions favor solubility (why?) Spontaneity of the Dissolution Process Spontaneity of the Dissolution Process Many solids, however, will dissolve in liquids by endothermic processes. The increase in disorder of the system upon mixing (magnitude of ?Smixing) is enough to outweigh the endothermic process. The solute particles go from highly ordered in a crystalline solid to highly disordered in solution. Most dissolving processes involve an over