Solutions Peel District School Board解决的方案皮尔区教育局.pptVIP

Solutions Solubility Definitions A solution is a homogeneous mixture A solute is dissolved in a solvent. solute is the substance being dissolved solvent is the liquid in which the solute is dissolved an aqueous solution has water as solvent A saturated solution is one where the concentration is at a maximum - no more solute is able to dissolve. A saturated solution represents an equilibrium: the rate of dissolving is equal to the rate of crystallization. The salt continues to dissolve, but crystallizes at the same rate so that there “appears” to be nothing happening. Definitions Solution - homogeneous mixture Solvent - present in greater amount Solute - substance being dissolved Solubility SATURATED SOLUTION no more solute dissolves UNSATURATED SOLUTION more solute dissolves SUPERSATURATED SOLUTION becomes unstable, crystals form concentration Dissolution of Solid Solute What are the driving forces which cause solutes to dissolve to form solutions? 1. Covalent solutes that are polar dissolve by H-bonding to water and covalent solutes that are non polar dissolve by London Dispersion Forces (LDF ) 2. Ionic solutes dissolve by dissociation into their ions by ion dipole 3 Stages of Solution Process Separation of Solute must overcome IMF or ion-ion attractions in solute requires energy, ENDOTHERMIC ( + DH) Separation of Solvent must overcome IMF of solvent particles requires energy, ENDOTHERMIC (+ DH) Interaction of Solute Solvent attractive bonds form between solute particles and solvent particles “Solvation” or “Hydration” (where water = solvent) releases energy, EXOTHERMIC (- DH) Factors Affecting Solubility 1. Nature of Solute / Solvent. - Like dissolves like intermolecular forces (IMF) 2. Temperature - i) Solids/Liquids- Solubility increases with Temperature Increase kinetic energy (K.E.) increases motion and collision between solute / solvent. ii) gas - Solubility decreases with Temperature Increase K.E. result in gas escaping to atmosphere. 3.