7 第11章 RNA生物合成.pptVIP

In the biosphere, there are two ways of synthesis of RNA : ?One is transcription（转录）, DNA-dependent RNA synthesis， catalyzed by DNA-dependent RNA polymerase Another is RNA replication, RNA-dependent RNA synthesis, catalyzed by RNA-dependent RNA polymerase，Commonly found in RNA viruses other than retroviruses (逆转录病毒） Similarity between replication and transcription Both processes use DNA as the template. Phosphodiester bonds are formed in both cases. Both synthesis directions are from 5′ to 3′. Obey base pairing rules The processes of gene expression are different in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The whole genome of DNA needs to be replicated, but only small portion of genome is transcribed in response to the development requirement, physiological need and environmental changes. A structural gene direct the synthesis of an RNA molecule. DNA regions that can be transcribed into RNA are called structural genes (结构基因). In the two strands of a structural gene, just one strand is used as the template of transcription;（在DNA分子双链上，一股链用作模板指引转录，另一股链不转录） In the case of a double-stranded DNA molecules many genes, the template strand for each gene will not necessarily be the same strand of the DNA double helix. （ 模板链并非总是在同一单链上） § 1.2.1 RNA synthesis is catalyzed by DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. The prokaryotic（原核） RNA polymerase is a multiple-subunit protein of ~480kD. RNA polymerase does not require a primer (引物） to initiate synthesis. RNA polymerase initiate RNA synthesis by binding a special DNA sequence ——promoter（启动子）. Discovery of RNA polymerase In 1955, Marianne Grunberg-Manago and Severo Ochoa reported the isolation of an enzyme that catalyzed the synthesis of RNA. For this work, Ochoa shared the 1959 Nobel Prize in Medicine with Arthur Kornberg (who received the Prize for his work on DNA polymerase I). Seven alternative sigma factors of E. coli. § 1.3 The initiation of transcription involves the binding RNA polymerase to promoter 转录是不连续、分区段进行的。 每一转录区段可视为