心理学与生活（双语）（期末复习料重点）.doc

Psychology and life Psychology - scientific study of the behavior of individuals and their mental processes Goals of Psychology: describe behavior , explain behavior , predict behavior , control “some” behavior Describing Behavior: First, the psychologist must observe and accurately measure the behavior. Behavioral data includes the psychologist’s report of observations about the behavior and the conditions under which the behavior occur. The type of behavioral data collected depends on the level of analysis. The focus of observations can range from broad, general, and global aspects to minute details of the organism under study. Objectivity refers to the scientific necessity to record behavioral data as facts -- as they really exist -- not as we hope them to exist. Predicting behavior: Predicting Behavior involves statements about the likelihood of a specific behavior occurring. ---Scientific prediction is based on an understanding of relationships between behaviors and the mechanisms that link those behaviors to certain predictors Controlling behavior: For many psychologists, controlling behavior is the ultimate, central goal. Controlling behavior means influencing a behavior to happen or not to happen,and influencing the nature of the behavior as it is being performed. Mind, Consciousness, and Alternate States Consciousness:a state of awareness of internal events and the external environment. The levels of awareness Nonconscious processes非意识过程 Non-conscious processes are bodily activities that rarely impinge on consciousness,such as digestion, regulation of blood pressure, and breathing. Preconscious memories 前意识记忆 Preconscious memories are those that become accessible to consciousness only after something has called attention to them.只有在你的注意被吸引过去以后才能到达意识的记忆称为前意识记忆 Unconscious most fully elaborated by Freud, refers to mental processes that cannot be conscious and contain forbidden, traumatic thoughts Unattended information 未被注意的信息 refers to stimuli that are