学术英语词汇与阅读-4.ppt

1. Read the following introductory part of a research article and answer some questions. Stuttering starts in the early years of life, typically between ages 2 and 4 years (Yairi Ambrose, 2005). Because many children will recover from stuttering without treatment, waiting periods are now commonly recommended to allow natural recovery to occur (e.g., see Yairi Ambrose, 2005). In a review of the literature, Langevin, Packman, and Onslow (2009) noted that recommendations for wait times ranged from 6 months to 1–2 years, and even as long as 3 years. For example, a watchful waiting period of 1 year is typically recommended before implementing the Lidcombe Program (Onslow, Packman, Harrison, 2003), as research has shown that waiting for 1 year does not jeopardise responsiveness (Packman, Onslow, Attanasio, 2003). What does (e.g., see Yairi Ambrose, 2005) mean? Translate the pattern “In a review of the literature, Langevin, Packman, and Onslow (2009) noted that …”. However, although responsiveness to Lidcombe program was not jeopardised in the studies referred to in Packman et al. (2003), this does not mean that the children in those studies were not experiencing negative impacts of stuttering while they were awaiting treatment. If a child is suffering distress, it would not be ethical to defer treatment for 1 year, simply on the grounds that there is no evidence that the child will suffer ill-effects while awaiting treatment. As Packman et al. (2003) state ‘‘it is not known whether children who are frustrated by their stuttering, or teased because of it, will suffer any long-term psychological problems if treatment is delayed for some period within the preschool years’’ (p. 49). Indeed, little is known about the consequences of stuttering for young children who are awaiting treatment with Lidcombe Program or any other treatment approach. Did Packman et al. report that responsiveness to Lidcombe program was not jeopardised in their own study? What does “on the grou