Sediment Transport by Water - A world top 100 University 输沙的水世界100强大学.pptVIP

Sediment Transport by Water Theory Processes Rainsplash overland flow transport Rilling and gullying Mass movements Weathering limited versus supply limited The extreme event Theory Mechanics of flow Stream energy Entrainment Mechanics of flow Water is subject to two forces: gravity (Wa = g sin ?) friction Defines ability of water to erode and transport sediment Types of flow in open channels Laminar Flow Each fluid element moves along a specific path with no significant mixing between layers Boundary layer in contact with the bed has no forward velocity Each layer can slip past each other Turbulent flow At a critical velocity or depth laminar flow becomes unstable and the parallel streamlines are destroyed Adjacent layers mix, transferring momentum by large scale eddies Velocity more evenly distributed with depth Steeper near bed velocity gradient Reynolds Number (Re) Re = ? h u/? where ? = fluid density h = flow depth u = fluid viscosity ? = viscosity larger values, larger turbulence Entrainment Movement of material depends on its physical properties; grain size shape density structual arrangement Basic distinction; cohesive (silt-clay size) non-cohesive Shear stress Causes initial movement Shear stress = estimate of force exerted on the bed by the fluid ?cr ? D but doesn’t include lift forces Lift due to: eddies difference in velocity at top and bottom of grain Critical shear stress Shields (1936) Dimensionless critical shear stress Plot against particle Reynolds no. (ratio of grain size to thickness of laminar sublayer) Factors producing scatter use of average ? or ? spatial variability over bed channel size irregularity of eddies degree of exposure pivot angles imbrication degree of packing grain shape microtopography Erosion Entrainment/detatchment Transport Detatchment vs Transport Rainsplash Weathering Tillage Trampling Runoff Rainsplash Overland flow Rill flow Gully flow Rainsplash varies with rainfall intensity varies with land cover varies with