Selection bias in case-control studies - Smu选择偏倚的病例对照研究——SMU.pptVIP

Spring 2008 Bias, Confounding, and Effect Modification STAT 6395 Bias Any systematic error in the design or conduct of a study that results in a mistaken estimate of the association between an exposure and a disease Bias is often a major problem in observational epidemiologic studies Systematic error (bias) is different than random error Example: an association between an exposure an a disease in which the true relative risk is 2.0 Systematic error (bias) is different than random error If the design and conduct of a study are unbiased, and there is no confounding, and we repeat the study an infinite number of times, the mean relative risk will be 2.0, with the individual relative risks from the different studies fluctuating around 2.0 Systematic error (bias) is different than random error If the design or conduct of the study is biased, and we repeat the study an infinite number of times, the mean relative risk will differ from 2.0 (for example, it may be 1.2), with the individual relative risks from the different studies fluctuating around 1.2 Systematic error (bias) is different than random error Due to random variation, an association that is far from the truth can be observed in an unbiased study, but it usually won’t be. Systematic error (bias) is different than random error Due to random variation, the true association can be observed in a biased study, but it usually won’t be Systematic error (bias) is different than random error Statistical significance does not protect against bias Two major categories of bias Selection bias Information bias Selection bias Error that results from criteria or procedures used to select study subjects or from factors that influence study participation. With selection bias, the relation between exposure and disease is different for those who are selected for and participate in the study and those who should be theoretically eligible to participate. Selection bias Selection bias can occur as a result of: Incor