Is it a Learning Disability or Vision Problem The Eye MD：这是一个学习障碍或视力问题的眼睛MD’.pptVIP

Is it a Learning Disability or Vision Problem? The Eye M.D.’s role in screening and treating children to support school and life successJoint Policy Statement 2009AAP, AAO, AAPOS, AACO Sheryl Handler, M.D. Pediatric Ophthalmology Financial Disclosure The author acknowledges no financial interest Learning Disabilities Are common problems 5 – 17.5 % of the U.S. population has a learning disability 2.6 million children aged 6 – 11 years in the U.S. are affected Learning Disabilities Arise from neurological differences in brain structure and function Affect the brain’s ability to store, process or communicate information Learning Disabilities LDs may cause difficulty in learning to: Read Listen Speak Spell Write Reason Solve mathematical calculations Organize information Dyslexia (Reading Disability) Most common learning disability 80% of all learning disabilities Family history 40% affected sibling 40% affected parent Dyslexia - Definition Dyslexia is a specific learning disability that is neurological in origin It is characterized by difficulties with decoding, accurate and/or fluent word recognition, and/or comprehension Dyslexia – Cognitive Basis Brain processing disorder Language-based learning disorder Phonologic decoding, analysis, and word identification deficit Verbal memory deficit Not a vision based disorder Dyslexia – Early Detection Possible early indications of dyslexia: Speech delay Difficulty with rhymes Confusing words that sound alike Delay in learning letters Delay in learning phonics Dyslexia – Common Signs Significance of signs is age dependent: Difficulty remembering the names of the letters Difficulty remembering the sounds of the letters Reading words incorrectly – guessing Reversing letters and words – (past 3rd grade) Skipping words or lines Slow reading in adolescents adults Dyslexia – Visual Function Difficulties in maintaining proper directionality have been demonstra