LABOUR MARKET AND GENDER - University of Aberdeen劳动力市场性别-阿伯丁大学.pptVIP

LABOUR MARKET AND GENDER Useful Statistical Sources: Labour Market Trends Labour Force Survey General Household Survey Social Trends Topics and Statistics 1 Participation: Economically inactive females 1971 = 40.6% Economically inactive females 2005 = 26.4% Economically inactive males 1971 = 4.6% Economically inactive males 2005 = 16.6% Source: Labour Force Survey Topics and Statistics 2 Pay: 1998 female hourly pay = 80% of male pay 2005 female hourly pay = 87% of male pay (excluding overtime) Source: Labour Force Survey Topics and Statistics 2 Gender Segmentation (‘crowding’): Out of 108 occupational groups EU: 75% of males work in 30 occupations 66% of females work in 21 occupations UK: 71% of males work in 29 occupations 69% of females work in 17 occupations Gender segmentation has decreased with increasing female participation for highly educated women only WORK GENDER - Issues The Friedman/Marx paradox – the economic irrationality of gender discrimination. Human Capital – the economics of gender discrimination. Reserve Army – the politics of gender discrimination Patriarchy – the culture of gender discrimination Problems of synthesising the different theories – Capitalist Patriarchy or Patriarchal Capitalism HUMAN CAPITAL Individuals who invest time and money (including foregone earnings) in education training and other qualities that increase their productivity and thus their worth to an employer, are said to have a greater endowment of human capital Source: Abercrombie et al Penguin Dictionary of Sociology = Women’s work is paid less because it is worth less HUMAN CAPITAL THESIS Advantages Fits in with Labour Market Segmentation theory Rational model; (apparently) resolves the paradox Disadvantages Only partially accounts for evident pay differentials between men and women Assumes, but does not explain, the labour market significance of gender RESERVE ARMY OF LABOUR Because, from the Marxist perspective, capitalism is an irration