Long-Range Capacity Planning and Facility Location长期生产能力计划和设施的位置.pptVIP

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 6. Identify the optimal operating level Average Unit Cost of Output ($) Annual Volume (units) Best Operating Level Economies of Scale Diseconomies of Scale Economies of Scale Best operating level - least average unit cost Economies of scale - If the output rate is less than the optimal level, increasing output rate results in decreasing average unit costs. Declining costs up to the best operating level result from fixed costs, labor cost being spread over more units Average cost per unit decreases as the volume increases. Diseconomies of scale Diseconomies of scale – If the output rate is more than the optimal level, increasing the output rate results in increasing average unit costs. Average cost per unit increases as the volume increases due to scheduling problems, quality problems, reduced morale, increased use of overtime Expanding capacity all at once or incrementally Another important issue in capacity planning is: Choosing between expanding capacity all at once (better for mature products having stable and predictable demand) or incrementally (better for new products) Larger Plants Tend to Have Higher Optimal Output Rates Minimum cost optimal operating rate are functions of size of production unit. Average cost per unit 0 Small plant Medium plant Large plant Output rate Planning Service Capacity Three important factors in planning servive capacity are: Inability to store services Need to be near customers Capacity and location are closely tied Capacity must be matched with timing of demand Degree of volatility of demand Peak demand periods Analyzing Capacity-Planning Decisions Decision Tree Analysis Cost-Volume Analysis Present-Value Analysis Computer Simulation Waiting Line Analysis Linear Programming Decision Tree Analysis Structures complex, multiphase decisions Allows objective evaluation of alternatives Incorporates uncertainty Develops expected