Chapter IV 英美概况.pptVIP

Chapter IV Science I. Importance A. Britain has played an important part in science over the world, both in theory and practice. B. Science in Britain enriched the scientific culture of the western world. II. Scientific Discoveries 1. 17th century A. Sir Francis Bacon: a. the first man to revolutionize scientific thought in Britain b. statesman and man of letters c. He heralded a new age of learning. d. He wrote a lot on natural philosophy. e. He stressed for the first time the importance of institutionalizing a programme for investigating phenomena. B. Isaac Newton: a. president of the Royal Society in London. b. He was one of the founders of modern science because of the calculus(微积分）, the white light and other discoveries. c. He was one of the greatest in pure science and mathematics with the publication of Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy and the learning of gravity（引力）. 2. 18th century A. Thomas Newcomen: made atmospheric engines out of water from mines. B. James Watt詹姆斯·瓦特 : invented fundamental improvements to Newcomen’s engines, true steam engines. C. George Stephenson: “Rocket” is the most famous of all steam locomotives, it marked the beginning of the railway age. D. John Dalton:道尔顿，英国化学家。 English chemist and physicist, who is best known for developing an atomic theory. Every substance consists of large numbers of tiny particles called atoms, the smallest things in existence. E. Edward Jenner: discovered the vaccine for preventing smallpox 詹娜 英国乡村医师。发明牛痘接种法。 F. Sir Humphy Davy: chemist the miner’s safety lamp 汉佛莱·戴维(Humphy Davy,1778—1829), 英国化学家、诗人 G. Michael Faraday: physicist and chemist He discovered electromagnetic induction电磁感应 , laying the foundations of the electric power industry. 法拉第（1791—1867）是19世纪电磁学领域中最伟大的实验物理学家 3. 19th century Charles Robert Darwin: a. development of a theory of evolution, in which all living being