t distribution and population proportionspptt分布与人口proportionsppt.pptVIP

Review Confidence Intervals Sample Size Confidence Intervals The Confidence Interval is expressed as: E is called the margin of error. For samples of size 30, Sample Size The sample size needed to estimate m so as to be (1-a)*100 % confident that the sample mean does not differ from m more than E is: …round up Small Samples What happens if n is small (n 30)? Our formulas from the last section no longer apply.  Small Samples What happens if n is small (n 30)? Our formulas from the last section no longer apply. There are two main issues that arise for small samples: 1) s no longer can be approximated by s 2) The CLT no longer holds. That is the distribution of the sampling means is not necessarily normal.  t- distribution If we have a small sample (n 30) and wish to construct a confidence interval for the mean we can use a t-statistic, provided the sample is drawn from a normally distributed population. t-distributions s is unknown so we use s (the sample standard deviation) as a point estimate of s. We convert the nonstandard t-distributed problem to a standard t-distributed problem through the use of the standard t-score t-distributions Mean 0 Symmetric and bell-shaped Shape depends upon the degrees of freedom, which is one less than the sample size.  df = n-1 Lower in center, higher tails than normal. See Table inside front cover in text Example In n=15 and after some calculation a/2=0.025, we use the table and n-1 = 14 degrees of freedom to deduce t0.025 = 2.145 Confidence Interval for the mean when s is unknown and n is small The (1- a)*100% confidence interval for the population mean m is The margin of error E, is in this case N.B. The sample is assumed to be drawn from a normal population. Confidence Intervals for a small sample population mean The Confidence Interval is expressed as: The degrees of freedom is n-1. Example The following are the heat producing capabiliti