Section 32 Direct proofs and Counterexamples II Rational …32节直接证明与反例II理性….pptVIP

Section 4.2 Direct proof and Counterexample II:Rational numbers Definition: A real number r is rational if, and only if, it can be expressed as a quotient of two integers with a non-zero denominator. A real number that is not rational is irrational. More formally, if r is a real number, then r is rational ? ?? integers a and b such that and b? 0 More on generalizing the Generic Particular. Example: The sum of two rationals is rational. Example: The product of two rationals is rational. Section 4.3 Direct Proof and Counterexample III:Divisibility Definition: If n and d (≠ 0) are integers, then n is divisible by d if and only if n = d×k for some integer k. Alternatively, we say that n is a multiple of d, or d is a factor of n, or d is a divisor of n, or d divides n. The notation d | n reads “d divides n”. Properties of Divisibility Theorem Every non-zero integer d divides 0. 1 divides any integer. no integer is divisible by 0. Theorem If d divides a and d divides b, then d divides (a + b) Transitive property of divisibility If a divides b, and b divides c, then a divides c. Several simple Divisibility Tests Theorem An integer n is divisible by 3 if and only if the sum of its digits is divisible by 3. Theorem An integer n is divisible by 4 if and only if the number represented by the last 2 digits of n is divisible by 4. Theorem An integer n is divisible by 11 if and only if the alternate sum of its digits is divisible by 11. ex. 37162 is not div. by 11 b/c (3–7+1–6+2) is not. The Unique Factorization Theorem (Fundamental theorem of Arithmetic) Given any integer n 1, there exist a positive integer k, distinct prime numbers p1, p2, ···, pk (in increasing order) and positive integers e1, e2, ···, ek such that n = p1e1p2e2 ··· pkek and thi