DimensionalReasoning：空间推理.pptVIP

Scaling, modeling, similarity Types of “similarity” between two objects/processes. Geometric similarity – linear dimensions are proportional; angles are the same. Kinematic similarity – includes proportional time scales, i.e., velocity, which are similar. Dynamic similarity – includes force scale similarity, i.e., equality of Reynolds number (inertial/viscous), Froud number (inertial/buoyancy), Rossby number (inertial/Coriolis), Euler number (inertial/surface tension). Distorted models Sometimes it’s necessary to violate geometric similarity: A 1/1000 scale model of the Chesapeake Bay is ten times as deep as it should be, because the real Bay is so shallow that, with proportional depths, the average model depth would be 6mm, too shallow to exhibit stratified flow. Scaling, modeling, similarity Scaling, modeling, similarity Scaling What’s the biggest elephant? If one tries to keep similar geometric proportions, weight ? L3, where L is a characteristic length, say height. However, an elephant’s ability to support his weight is proportional to the cross-sectional area of his bones, say R2. Therefore, if his height doubles, his bones would have to increase in radius as 2?2 R, not 2R. [Note: A cross-section of 8 R2 = (2?2 R)2]. So, with increasing size, an elephant will eventually have legs whose cross-sectional area will extend beyond its body Biological scaling Dimensions 500.101 Dimensions 500.101 Dimensions 500.101 Dimensions 500.101 Dimensions 500.101 Dimensions 500.101 Dimensions 500.101 Dimensions 500.101 Dimensions 500.101 Dimensions 500.101 Dimensions 500.101 Dimensions 500.101 Dimensions 500.101 Dimensions 500.101 Dimensional Reasoning Dimensions and Measurements “Dimension” is characteristic of the object, condition, or event and is described quantitatively in terms of defined “units”. A physical quantity is equal to the product of two elements: A quality or dimension A quantity expressed in terms of “units” Dimensions Physical things are measurable