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静止性脑小血管病与认知功能障碍关系
静止性脑小血管病与认知功能障碍关系 (同济大学医学院附属第十人民医院神经内科 上海 200072) 摘 要 脑小血管病(cerebral small vessel disease, CSVD)在影像学上主要以腔隙性梗死、白质病变和脑微出血的形态存在。静止性CSVD与认知功能障碍密切相关,其导致的认知功能障碍主要表现为执行功能障碍、反应迟钝和注意力下降等,与病灶部位、数量和大小相关。本文就静止性CSVD的主要影像学表现及其与认知功能障碍的关系作一综述,以期加深临床医生对静止性CSVD及其危害的认识并提高识别率,由此尽早干预而延缓患者认知功能障碍的发生和发展,提高患者的生活质量。 关键词 静止性脑小血管病 认知功能障碍 腔隙性梗死 白质病变 脑微出血 中图分类号:R749.13 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1006-1533(2014)17-0009-05 Relationship between silent cerebral small vessel disease and cognitive impairment LI Junwen*, HUANG Jing (Department of Neurology, the 10th People’s Hospital affiliated to School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China) ABSTRACT The imaging features of cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) include 1acunar infarcts, white matter lesions, cerebral microbleeds. Silent CSVD is closely associated with cognitive impairment. The decline in executive function, processing speed and memory problem are the main performance of the cognitive dysfunction caused by silent CSVD, which is associated with focal areas, quantity and size. Here we summarize the imaging features of silent CSVD and the relationship between silent CSVD and cognitive impairment for the purpose of early recognition and management of silent CSVD so as to delay the onset and development of cognitive impairment and improve the patients’ quality of life. KEY WORDS silent cerebral small vessel disease; cognitive impairment; lacunar infarcts; white matter lesions; cerebral microbleeds 脑小血管病(cerebral small vessel disease, CSVD)是指由于小动脉、微动脉、微静脉和毛细血管病变所导致的脑皮质下深部结构损害而产生的一组异质性较大的症候群[1],影像学上主要以腔隙性梗死(1acunar infarcts, LI)、白质病变(white matter lesions, WML)、脑微出血(cerebral microbleeds, CMB)和扩大的血管周围间隙(enlarged perivascular space, EPVS)等形态存在。根据有无临床症状,CSVD分为无症状性CSVD(即静止性CSVD)和各类腔隙综合征。其中,静止性CSVD的发病率明显更高,占CSVD总发病率的41% ~ 81%[2]。静止性CSVD并非真的没有症状,只是由于其临床表现比较轻微或没有特异性症状而不易引起患者及临床医生的重视,但病理基础和危险因素持续存在,长期发展后必然会导致慢性损害,出现如认知功能障碍、头晕、步态不稳和尿便障碍等症状。研究表明,静止性CSVD是引起卒中和血管性认知功能障碍的重要因素[3]。静止性CSVD引起的认知功能障碍包括执行能力下降、反应速度减慢、注意力下降和记忆力减退等,其中以执行能力下降最
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