文化文化工业文化产业文化事业.pptxVIP

文化美国人类学家阿尔弗雷德·克洛依伯（Alfred Kroeber）和克莱德·克拉克洪（Clyde Kluckhohn）在其1952年出版的《文化：概念和定义批判分析》（Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions, by Clyde Kluckhohn, A. L. Kroeber, Alfred G. Meyer, Wayne Untereiner, 1952）一书中列举了164条（1871-1920年,文化仅仅有6种定义，到1951年，文化的定义则高达164种）不同的文化定义。Group A: DescriptiveBroad definitions with emphasis on enumeration of content: usually influenced by TylorGroup B: HistoricalEmphasis on social heritage or traditionGroup C: NormativeC- I. Emphasis on rule or wayC- II. Emphasis on ideals or values plus behaviorGroup D: PsychologicalD- I. Emphasis on adjustment, on culture as a problem-solving deviceD- II. Emphasis on learningD- III. Emphasis on habitD- IV. Purely psychological definitionsGroup E: StructuralEmphasis on the patterning or organization of cultureGroup F: GeneticF- I. Emphasis on culture as a product or artifactF- II. Emphasis on ideasF- III. Emphasis on symbolsF- IV. Residual category definitionsGroup G: Incomplete DefinitionsCulture industryCulture industry is a concept created by Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer and is related to Marxist philosophy. a term used to describe the nature of the social, economic and political structures .The theory basically states that our culture not only mirrors our society but takes an important role in shaping it through the process of standardization and commodification. Culture industries may cultivate false needs; that is, needs created and satisfied by capitalism. True needs, in contrast, are freedom, creativity, or genuine happiness.through this culture, standardized goods are manufactured to pacify the populace. These “creative” goods don’t represent real creativity, but rather a watered down “acceptable” form of creativity that is mass-produced. In their view, the masses are precisely dominated by an all-encompassing culture industry obeying only to the logic of consumer capitalism. it creates an atmosphere which serves to reinforce the statu quo through creating false needs and a Commodit