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清代湟水流域农业开发-agricultural development in huangshui river basin in qing dynasty
摘要湟水流域地处青藏高原与黄土高原两大区域边缘地带,居住着汉、藏、蒙、土、回和撒拉等众多民族,是季风区和非季风区、农业区和牧业区、汉文化和藏文化的交汇处,具有浓郁的多元文化特色。湟水流域农业开发历史悠久,清代在前朝的基础之上,农业开发进入了一个新时期,无论是规模还是成效都已超过了前代,但在农业开发的过程中也对自然环境造成了一定的破坏。本文以清代湟水流域农业开发为研究对象,分析清代湟水流域土地垦辟、水利建设、农业开发的成就及影响农业开发的制约因素。通过对清代湟水流域农业开发的研究,总结其历史经验教训,对于今天湟水流域的经济建设和可持续发展具有积极的借鉴意义。本文共分五个部分:第一部分介绍清代湟水流域的自然环境和资源。该部分从地理位置、土地资源、气候资源和水资源等四个方面说明自然条件的优劣及其变化,是为清代湟水流域农业开发的自然背景。第二部分论述清代湟水流域重农政策的实施与劳动力资源的消长。该部分主要介绍清代对湟水流域的重农政策与措施、人口与劳动力资源状况。第三部分论述清代湟水流域的土地开发与水利建设。该部分主要讨论土地的开发与利用以及水利事业的发展。第四部分论述清代湟水流域农业开发的影响及制约因素。该部分主要论述农业开发对工商业和社会文化的影响,以及自然灾害和社会战乱对农业开发的影响。第五部分简单总结清代湟水流域农业开发的经验教训。通过对前面四部分内容的研究,以期对今天的农业开发提供有益的经验教训。关键词:清代湟水流域农业开发AbstractTheAreaofHuangRiverislocatedinthefringesofQinghai-TibetPlateauandtheLoessPlateau,inhabitedbytheethnicHan,Tibetan,Mongolian,Tu,HuiandSarahTribeethnic,whichisagriculturalareasandpastoralareas,theHanTibetancultureandculturalinterchange,witharichmulti-culturalcharacteristics.TheagriculturaldevelopmentoftheareaofHuangRiverhasalonghistory.Intheformerbasis,theagriculturaldevelopmentoftheQingDynastyhasenteredanewera.NomatterthesizeoreffectivenessofitismorethanthepreviousDynasty,butintheprocessofagriculturaldevelopmentthenaturalenvironmentsufferedacertainamountofdamage.ThispaperisbasedontheQingDynastytheAreaofHuangRiveragriculturaldevelopmentforthestudy,analysistheQingDynastyHuangRiverwatershedlandreclamationproduction,waterconserwancy,theachievementofagriculturaldevelopmentandtheimpactofagriculturaldevelopmentconstraints.ThroughtheresearchoftheHuangRiveragriculturaldevelopmentinQingDynasty,thispapersumsupthehistoricalexperienceandlessons,andhasapositivereferencefortodaystheareaofHuangRiverseconomicconstructionandsustainabledevelopment.Thispaperisdividedintofiveparts:ThefirstpartintroducesthenaturalenvironmentandresourcesoftheAreaofHuangRiverinQingDynasty.Thispartstatestheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofnaturalconditionsanditschangesfromthelocation,landresources,climateandwaterresourcesandsoon,whichisthenaturalbackgroundoftheAreaofHuangRiversagriculturaldevelop
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