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王艮“百姓日用即道”思想及其影响-wang gens thought of
the problem of the times, the article points out, in the middle of the Ming Dynasty, cheng-zhu which is to get the truth is too far away from the commom people.Yangming’s theory is much simpler, still has an estrangement since it is something humanistic.But They do not really subject to the value of the life of
ordinary people as its central moral issues and topics to study, not realistically be implemented in civil society.However, Wang Gen is the only one who responds the requirement of that time, he inherits Yangming’s theory that approves the worldly life and turns the eyes to the ordinary people and raises a system of academy of commom people what can be called learning through common people’s daily using. This paper focuses on his new annotation of traditional Confucian that is based on his common
people’s daily earthly life, Wang Gen starts the new turning of traditional Confucian by the learning through common peoples daily using.
KEY WORDS:common peoples daily earthly life is Tao;HuaiNan investigation of things; equality in education; studying and happines
IV
前
前 言
王艮的“百姓日用即道”思想及其影响
王艮的“百姓日用即道”思想及其影响
前 言
一、 国内外研究现状
大致说来,关于王艮的百姓日用之学研究成果主要有以下三类:第一,专门性的中 国哲学思想学术通史,显然包含本课题之研究内容;第二,有关哲学文化方面的断代史 论著,如宋明、明代、明清之际、清代学术史研究,都涉及到对王艮或泰州学派的分析 与评价;第三,研究性论文或专论王艮的百姓日用之学学术思想论文。
首先,在各种哲学史思想史书中,对王艮的百姓日用之学的评价有:侯外庐认为“王 艮是一个假的阳明学派” 认为“王艮用百姓的‘下’代替统治阶级的‘上’,用‘地’ 代替‘天’,又把劳动人民的家常事作为‘圣人之道’,而把正宗的圣人之道斥为异端, 这里就有对封建主义破坏的进步意义。王艮的‘百姓日用之学’受到人民的拥护,有人 称之为‘如日月复明而星辰复灿,称之为日用中之布帛粟菽’。王艮的这种思想自然要 遭受到传统思想的反对。年谱纪载当时的‘同门’,‘初闻多不信’,邹东廓和王龙溪说 众人‘訾其挥霍’”。①张学智认为“百姓日用即道的另一个含义是天、道、性、命等儒 家终极关怀的东西并不是少数学者的专有物;道即表现在百姓日常事物中,道与百姓日 常生活紧密相关。王艮说:“圣人之道无异于百姓日用,凡有异者皆谓之异端。百姓如 用条理处,即是圣人之条理处。圣人经世只是家常事。就是说,离开百姓日用,离开家 常事,则无道可言,专事体究天道性命等形上领域,不贴近百姓日常生活,即是异端。 王艮的这一理论,表明他要把儒家以士君子修身为主的学者文化、精英文化推向平民, 使修身成为一般百姓的自觉追求。王艮从学阳明以后的实践活动,主要是围绕现实这一 愿望展开的”。②
二是在明代思想总体研究著作中涉及到对王艮的百姓日用之学的分析与评价。《宋明 理学史》一书中认为“王艮的百姓日用之学,在理论形式上继承了古代儒家的传统和王 阳明的良知说,而在实际内容上又对正宗儒学进行了不同程度的改造,多少反映了平民
① 侯外庐:《中国思想通史》卷四,北京:人民出版社 2004 年版,第 206 页。
② 张学智:《明代哲学史》,北京:北京大学出版社 2000
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