那些所谓学习好方法.docVIP

那些所谓学习好方法 　　有人说,好女孩上天堂,坏女孩走四方。我曾经对此深信不疑,因为没有做“坏女孩”的资本,所以我只能往“好”的方向走。孩提时看电视剧的时候,我总在“谁是好人,谁是坏人”这个问题上纠缠不休。很多年后,我再问自己,到底什么是“好”,什么是“坏”,什么是“黑”,什么是“白”。生活告诉我,原来最危险的不是带刺的玫瑰,而是藏毒的水仙。“黑”与“白”是可以被颠覆的。抛弃了小时候“非忠即奸”的道德准则,我面对的是成人世界里黑与白之间存在的一片灰色的无光区域。在这里,暧昧是因为害怕伤害,躲闪是因为前方是悬崖,矜持是因为谁也输不起。从另一个角度来看问题,我不再执着于对与错,黑与白。我想,这是一种进步。 　　――Mac 　　 　　Every September, millions of parents try a kind of psychological 1)witchcraft in an attempt to transform their summer-2)glazed campers into fall students; their video-3)bugs into 4)bookworms. Advice is cheap and all too familiar: Clear a quiet work space. Stick to a homework schedule. Set goals. Set boundaries. 　　 　　Such theories have developed in part because of 5)sketchy education research that doesn’t offer clear guidance. Student traits and teaching styles surely interact; so do personalities and at-home rules. The trouble is that no one can predict how. 　　 　　Yet there are effective approaches to learning, at least for those who are motivated. In recent years,6)cognitive scientists have shown that a few simple techniques can reliably improve what matters most: how much a student learns from studying. 　　 　　The findings can help anyone, from a fourth grader doing 7)long division to a retiree taking on a new language. But they directly contradict much of the common wisdom about good study habits, and they have not caught on. 　　 　　For instance, instead of sticking to one study location, simply alternating the room where a person studies improves 8)retention. So does studying distinct but related skills or concepts 9)in one sitting, rather than focusing intensely on a single thing. 　　 　　“We have known these principles for some time, and it’s intriguing that schools don’t pick them up, or that people don’t learn them by 10)trial and error,” said Robert A. Bjork, a psychologist at the University of California, Los Angeles. “Instead, we walk around with all sorts of unexamined beliefs about what works that are mistaken.” 　　 　　Take the notion