细胞分子与组织（整合式课程） （五八通用）.docx

（编者按：由于14级开始临五使用整合课程，所以临八在这里的经验非常值得借鉴！）12级临八?分子细胞组织(by 任泰)12级临八?分子细胞组织一、选择1.?哪种氨基酸不为密码子所编码？（选项包括对羟基苯丙氨酸和羟脯氨酸，另外三个简单）2.?DNA变性的特点。3.?胆固醇是哪种维生素的前体。4.?核小体中的组蛋白种类。5.?线粒体中基粒的作用。6.?几种蛋白质中选出一种膜蛋白。7.?几种激素中选出一种脂类激素。8.?蛋白质合成过程。9.?细胞凋亡的途径。10.?微丝的性质。11.?某种上皮细胞的分布。12.?浆细胞的作用。13.?有髓神经的结构。14.?红细胞的性质。15.?什么维持了细胞内外钠、钾离子浓度差。16.?可兴奋细胞包括哪些细胞。17.?绝对不应期的机理。18.?动作电位的性质。二、名词解释1. 模体2.?ribozyme3.?transcription4.?autophagy5.?mitochondria6. 细胞外基质7.?neuron8.?sarcomere9.?电化学驱动力10.?电压门控离子通道三、简答题1.?骨骼肌收缩时依赖的细胞骨架蛋白是什么？其相关蛋白还有哪些？2.?骨骼肌细胞在光镜、电镜下的形态学特点是什么？其肌原纤维各部分对应的成分各是什么？3.?简述神经-肌接头电-化学-电的过程，并说明其中主要的离子通道与作用。4.?简述兴奋-收缩耦联的过程，并说明其中主要的离子通道与作用。四、翻译Apoptosis?is?the?process?of?programmed?cell?death?(PCD)?that?may?occur?in?multicellular?organisms.?Biochemical?events?lead?to?characteristic?cell?changes?(morphology)?and?death.?These?changes?include?blebbing,?cell?shrinkage,?nuclear?fragmentation,?chromatin?condensation,?and?chromosomal?DNA?fragmentation.In?contrast?to?necrosis,?which?is?a?form?of?traumatic?cell?death?that?results?from?acute?cellular?injury,?apoptosis?generally?confers?advantages?during?an?organisms?life?cycle.?For?example,?the?separation?of?fingers?and?toes?in?a?developing?human?embryo?occurs?because?cells?between?the?digits?apoptose.?Unlike?necrosis,?apoptosis?produces?cell?fragments?called?apoptotic?bodies?that?phagocytic?cells?are?able?to?engulf?and?quickly?remove?before?the?contents?of?the?cell?can?spill?out?onto?surrounding?cells?and?cause?damage.Between?50?and?70?billion?cells?die?each?day?due?to?apoptosis?in?the?average?human?adult.?For?an?average?child?between?the?ages?of?8?and?14,?approximately?20?billion?to?30?billion?cells?die?a?day.Research?in?and?around?apoptosis?has?increased?substantially?since?the?early?1990s.?In?addition?to?its?importance?as?a?biological?phenomenon,?defective?apoptotic?processes?have?been?implicated?in?an?extensive?variety?of?diseases.?Excessive?apoptosis?causes?atrophy,?whereas?an?insufficient?amount