声学基础课件（许肖梅）fundamentals of acoustics 07-7教学材料.pptVIP

Acoustic Wave Traveling in Perfectly Inviscid Fluid Medium The Nature of Sound Sound is a wave phenomenon In gas or liquid , sound waves are classified as longitudinal waves — the vibration is always parallel to the direction of wave travel The speed of sound in air is roughly 340 meter per second; in water is roughly 1500 meter per second Sound wave with compression at A and rarefaction at B Sound Pressure We most often describe the strength of a sound wave in terms of its Pressure amplitude. Pressure amplitude meaning the size of the pressure fluctuations produced by the wave. If fluid already has a steady equilibrium pressure P0, The sound wave is represented by the small disturbance p in the total pressure P =instantaneous pressure at any point P0=constant equilibrium pressure in the fluid. Definition: the difference between the instantaneous pressure at a point in a sound field and the average pressure at that point. Note: p is positive or negative, and it is the function of x,y,z,t . p=p (x,y,z,t) Since pressure means force per unit area, it is measured in Newton per square meter. It has become increasingly common to use the designation Pascal for this combination of units: 1Pa=1N/m2=10dynes/cm2=10μbar Effective Sound Pressure Root-mean-square value of the instantaneous sound pressure at a point, during a given time interval is called effective sound pressure For harmonic vibration: The fluid velocity in ordinary sound waves is always much less than the sound speed c. Under the sound pressure, the displacement of any particular blob of fluid from its undisturbed position is Its velocity is: : Particle displacement from the equilibrium position : Particle velocity : instantaneous density at any point : Constant equilibrium density of the fluid condensation at any point Some assumptions The fluid may be thought of as a continuous medium. All acoustic variables may be considered nearly constant throughout the small volume e