各类病毒及其繁殖方式-医学课件.ppt

仅以噬菌体为例，介绍病毒的独特繁殖方式。植物病毒、动物病毒的繁殖略。（一）原核生物的病毒——噬菌体一般介绍：噬菌体（bacteriophage，phage）广泛存在于自然界中，至今在绝大多数原核生物中都发现了相应的噬菌体。据报道，至今已作过电镜观察的噬菌体至少有2850种（株），其中2700种是有尾的。据Bradley（1967）归纳，噬菌体共有六种形态，即： * happy * happy （噬菌体：是病毒中的一种，一般把侵染细菌、放线菌的病毒叫噬菌体。（把侵染真菌的病毒叫噬真菌体） 噬菌体在自然界广泛存在，在1995年发表的ICTV的病毒分类与命名第六次报告中共报道了4000余种，分别划归为49个病毒科. 据Bradley(1967)归纳，噬菌体共有六类形态。）———— 以大肠杆菌T4噬菌体为例 头部：廿面体对称结构，由蛋白质衣壳构成，内含一条DNA。 颈部：薄盘状，附颈须。 尾鞘：长95nm, 衣壳粒螺旋对称；可伸缩。 尾髓:中空，DNA可由此进入细胞。 基板: 六角形盘状物，其上有刺突、尾丝。 刺突: 有吸附功能。 尾丝: 有识别吸附功能。 * happy * happy * happy G. Life Cycle of Bacteriophages BACTERIOPHAGE LIFE CYCLES 1. The Lytic Life Cycle LEARNING OBJECTIVES FOR THIS SECTION Viruses are infectious agents with both living and nonliving characteristics. 1. Living characteristics of viruses a. They reproduce at a fantastic rate, but only in living host cells. b. They can mutate. 2. Nonliving characteristics of viruses a. They are acellular, that is, they contain no cytoplasm or cellular organelles. b. They carry out no metabolism on their own and must replicate using the host cells metabolic machinery. In other words, viruses dont grow and divide. Instead, new viral components are synthesized and assembled within the infected host cell. c. They possess DNA or RNA but never both. G. Life Cycle of Bacteriophages As mentioned in an earlier section, bacteriophages are viruses that only infect bacteria. There are two primary types of bacteriophages: lytic bacteriophages and temperate bacteriophages. 1. Bacteriophages that replicate through the lytic life cycle are called lytic bacteriophages, and are so named because they lyse the host bacterium as a normal part of their life cycle. 2. Bacteriophages capable of a lysogenic life cycle are termed temperate phages. When a temperate phage infects a bacterium, it can either replicate by means of the lytic life cycle and cause lysis of the host bacterium, or, it can incorporate its DNA into the bacteriums DNA and become a noninfectious prophage. We will now look at the l