从新知识类型视角反思默顿有组织怀疑主义规范-科学技术哲学专业论文.docx

Abstract The goal of science has changed from singleness to multiplicity by the time, no longer to pursue the scientific goal only as in Merton’s time, but also take into account the social objectives, economic and ecological objectives. At the same time, the concept of scientific has diversified, also the types of scientific knowledge have expanded, and Merton’s norms has been more controversial in academic society. Most critics think it is non-compliance with the actual situation ,while they regard it reasonable on the real likelihood aspects. However, I believe that the expansion of new types of scientific knowledge has made the norm on the ought level not entirely reasonable，the emergency of non-universal, local, beyond description and other features of the new types of knowledge make Merton’s Organized Skepticism norms no longer suitable as the assessment standard for such knowledge. This article innovatively analysis the Self-consistency of Merton’s norms and the unreasonable of Organized Skepticism for reviewing the new knowledge by using the leaning cycle theory, and place the local knowledge、the current knowledge and the tacit knowledge before the scientific community, reflecting of Merton’s Organized Skepticism norms from the perspective of new view of science and new types of knowledge. The main body of the article indicate the problem of Organized Skepticism norms on the ought level by analyzing the challenge of the local knowledge, the current knowledge and the tacit knowledge. Finally the author propose the democratic norms, the encourage norms, the inclusive norms and the innovative norms to complement the inadequate of Merton’s norms as the standardized assessment in the new knowledge age, expected to cause for more reflection between the scientific community, and the scientists to pay more attention to scientific evaluation standard to proposing new and more practical constructive norms and new programs. Key words：Merton; Organized Ske