大型机械振动测试及减振装置设计与试验研究-机械设计及理论专业论文.docx

万方数据 万方数据 大型机械振动测试及减振装置设计与试验研究 摘 要 某 600MW 汽轮发电机在工作时其冷却器外罩呈现出较大振动。为 保证发电机的安全可靠运行，有必要采取措施将其振动降低到正常的范 围内。基于汽轮发电机减振的实际工程需要，主要工作如下： 首先，根据振动采集仪的测试数据，分析了它在升速阶段的振动特 性，得出造成 600MW 汽轮发电机机座振动偏大的主要原因。对发电机 进行模态测试，得出它的模态参数。根据其模态测试结果，辨识出了它 的物理参数，并据此建立其等效模型。采用数值模拟的方法分别研究了 支撑刚度和激励力相位差对汽轮发电机振幅的影响；另外，基于此等效 模型，采用数值模拟的方法研究了动力吸振器减振效果。 其次，为验证利用被动减振装置对发电机组冷却罩进行振动抑制的 可行性，建立了与机座模态一致的缩比模型。利用该缩比模型，本文对 颗粒阻尼器的减振效果进行了系统而全面的试验研究，比较了单/双层结 构设计和不同类型的颗粒对减振效果的影响。试验结果表明，利用微细 颗粒之间碰撞、摩擦和动量交换作为阻尼机制，颗粒阻尼器可以起到较 好的减振效果，最大减振幅度超过 60%；满足一定条件时，双层颗粒阻 尼器的减振效果比单层好；不同类型的单/双层颗粒阻尼器的减振效果不 同。另外，采用试验测试与有限元仿真相结合的方式探讨了动力吸振器 的减振效果；通过在缩比模型首尾端施加简谐激励力并分别设置两激励 力方向相同及相反，研究了激励力大小对试验台架振幅的影响。 最后，本文测得了空气弹簧隔振基础、钢弹簧隔振基础和橡胶隔振 基础的模态参数；基于此，比较了三个隔振基础的振动传递率；根据所 得钢弹簧隔振基础模态数据，建立单级及两级隔振基础简化模型，比较 了它们的隔振效果。 I 关键词：发电机组；模态试验；颗粒阻尼器；动力吸振器；被动隔振； 被动减振 II VIBRATION TEST OF LARGE MACHINERY AND DESIGN AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF DAMPING DEVICES ABSTRACT The cooler covers of 600MW turbine generator show a strong vibration. To ensure the safety and reliability of the generator, it is necessary to reduce its amplitude to normal range. Based on this, the main work is as follows: Firstly, according to the tested data, analysis of vibration characteristics of the turbine generator is achieved when its speed is rising and the main reasons causing excessive vibration are found. Then, identification of physical parameters of turbine generator is finished after its modal test. Based upon, numerical simulation researches of effect of supporting stiffness and phase difference of exciting force have on its amplitude are done as well as damping effect of tuned mass dampers. Secondly, in order to reduce the vibration of turbine generator, the scaled model which has the same modality with the generator is established. Using this model, comprehensive experimental studies about the effects of particle damper on vibration of the 600MW turbine generator are carried out. In addition, the performance of vibration reduction for the single-layer or double-layer structure d