胡壮麟语言学1.pptVIP

Other kinds of language changes Phonological change Morphosyntactic change Semantic change Orthographic change Phonological change (changes in sound leading to changes in form) Loss of sound (脱落): loss of the velar fricative /x/ which existed in O.E. loss of sound in fast speech, eg library, laboratory and → ’n in connected speech, eg rock-’n-roll Addition of sound: sounds may be added to the original sound sequence. L. studium → O.F. estudie, Sp. estudio, Port. estudo English: rascal → rapscallion Metathesis (换位): changing the sequence of sound O.E. brid → bird, O.E. ox/ax → ask Assimilation: the change of a sound by the influence of an adjacent sound (contact or contiguous assimilation) impossible, irregular, illogical. Non-contiguous/distant assimilation: between two sounds that are not too far separated. Discussing shortly Morphosyntactic change Morphological change: third person singular present tense: -(e)th: do(e)th, goeth→ -(e)s: does, goes, has, finds the campus of the university → the university’s campus Syntactic change: He saw you not. → He didn’t see you. I know not where to hide my head. → I don’t know where to hide my head. Fusion/blending: equally good + just as good → equally as good It’s no use getting there before nine + There’s no use in getting there before nine → There’s no use getting there before nine. Semantic change Broadening: holiday: holy day (religion) → day for rest bird: young bird → any kind task: tax → work Narrowing: girl: young person → young woman deer: beast → a special kind of animal Meaning shift: bead: prayer → the prayer bead → small, ball-shaped piece of glass, metal or wood Class shift: conversion to other word classes engineer: person trained in engineering → to act as an engineer (N → V) Folk etymology: a popular but mistaken account of the origin of a word or phrase . wiz: he is a wiz at math. Fake etymology: a kind of folk etymology Manhattan: man with hat on MBA: married but available Ph