应用语言学chpt4-First-Language-acquisition.pptVIP

Discussion Do you believe that children have an innate ability to learn L1? Which part do you think is more important for L1 learning? Innate ability or social experience? 10. Contractible Copula (系动词) 11. Contractible Progressive Auxiliary 12. Future Conditional 13. Passive 14. Past Auxiliary 1. Present Progressive 2. Plural 3. Past Irregular 4. Possessive Inflection 5. Uncontractible Copula 6. Past Regular 7. Third Person Regular 8. Third Person Irregular 9. Uncontractible Progressive Auxiliary Order of acquisition of English (L1) inflectional morphemes -- Roger Brown, 1973 How children accomplish early mastery of L1(s)? Explanation 1: a natural desire to please their parents. Explanation 2: an urge to communicate their wants and needs to the people around them. Explanation 3: by imitation (Behavioristic Theories) Explanation 4: born with a natural ability to learn language (Nativist Theory). Explanation 5: the result of cognitive development (Cognitive theory) Refutation of the former two: For Explanation 1: Children of even relatively indifferent parents successfully acquire language at the same rate. For Explanation 2: With children’s limited sphere of activity, communicative needs seem to be largely satisfied by gestures and such non-speech sounds as cries, grunts or squeals. Behavioristic Theories 行为主义的语言习得理论源于19世纪俄生理学家巴普洛夫（Pavlov）的经典性条件反射理论和美国心理学家华生(Waston)的行为主义心里学理论。 该理论在20世纪20-50年代曾风靡一时，此后有关的学者将这种理论发展成为新行为主义。 刺激一反应论是行为主义理论的基础。行为主义理论主张对人类行为进行客观的研究，强调采用严格的科学方法，研究可观察到的行为。通过条件作用，人们建立起刺激与反应之间的联系，复杂的行为是通过建立一系列的反应而学会的。行为主义理论将语言视为一种人类行为，认为语言这种行为跟人类的其他行为一样，是通过习惯的养成而学会的。 新行为主义的两大主要理论 Imitation-reinforcement theories 模仿-强化学习论 Mediation theories 传递论/中介论 模仿-强化学习论 （Skinner, 1957） 语言的发展始于幼儿最初发出的一些偶然的试验性的声音，幼儿这些早期的声音由幼儿的父母有区别地加以强化。这样，那些不是幼儿母语中的音位逐渐从他的发音中消失，而那些属于幼儿母语的特征的声音由于得到父母的强化而成为幼儿发音中主要的声音。 与此同时，幼儿父母发的声音对幼儿就成了次级强化物(比如父母在喂哺时跟婴幼儿交谈时的声音)。随着父母声音中的强化值增大并且成为儿童自己的发音时，儿童发出的声音的自身也变成了强化物。正是父母的直接强化加上幼儿的自身强化使得他们逐步掌握各种音位、音节直至词语；复杂的句子和语法结构也是通过不断强化和累积而逐步