新编语言学教程chapter-6-pragmatics.pptVIP

Ways to offer a request (p.152): Sentences concerning the hearer’s ability to do something. Sentences concerning the speaker’s wish or want that the hearer will do something. Sentences concerning the hearer’s doing something. Sentences concerning the hearer’s desire or willingness to do something. Sentences concerning reasons for doing something. 4. Conversational implicatures (1) proposed by Oxford philosopher Paul Grice. (2) The cooperative principle (CP) Grice noticed that in daily conversations people do not usually say things directly but tend to imply them. Case 1 A and B talk their mutual friend C working in a bank, A asks how C is getting on, B says ‘Oh quite well, I think; he likes his colleagues, and he hasn’t been to prison yet.’ What does B imply here? 3.1 CP Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged. Quantity Maxim Make your contribution as informative as is required (for the purpose of the exchange) Do not make your contribution more informative than is required. Quality Maxim Try to make your contribution one that is true. 1. do not say what you believe to be false. 2. do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence. Relation Maxim: Be relevant. Manner Maxim Be perspicuous. 1. avoid obscurity of expression. 2. avoid ambiguity. 3. be brief. 4. be orderly. Analyze the following cases, which of the maxims has been violated and why? 1. A reference letter by A for his past student X applying for a lectureship in philosophy: ‘Dear Sir, Mr. X’s command of English is excellent, and his attendance at tutorials has been regular. Yours, etc.’ 2. A: where does C live? B: Somewhere in the south of France. 3. Boys are boys. War is war. (Tautology) 4. A: where is X？ B: He’s gone to the library. He said so when he left. 5. He is made of ir