席宇环境微生物学13环境微生物学讲义3.pptxVIP

环境微生物学 ;第二章 微生物生态学;Chapter outline;在一定的空间内生物的成分和非生物的成分通过物质循环和能量流动互相作用、互相依存而构成的一个生态学功能单位。;生命科学研究中，一般可分成十个水平，依次为：;the study of microbial relationship with other organisms and also with nonliving environments. ;Methods used to study microbial interaction and microbial ecology provide information on environmental characteristics; microbial biomass. ;微生物生态学(microbial ecology)：;Microbial ecology ;The term microbial ecology is now used in a general way to describe the presence and distributions of microorganisms.;Environmental microbiology;二、自然环境中微生物的生态学特点; 2.表面环境*与附生;(2).附着于表面上的有机物的化学信息，诱导微生物向它定向移动进而以其一端附着在表面上。;3.寡营养 ;无毒的有机污染物进入土壤或水体，可引起微生物数量剧增;4.生长缓慢;自然环境中的微生物一般都不是单独存在的;生物圈（biosphere）：地球上所有生物及其所生活的非生命环境 的总称。;Populations Guilds Communities Ecosystem;Metabolically related populations constitute groupings called guilds.; 牛牛文库文档分享;;Community 3;Microbial communities then interact with communities of microorganisms to define the entire ecosystem.;Microorganisms in Nature;Terrestrial Environments;The distribution of microorganisms in nature ecosystem depends on the resources (nutrients) available and on the growth conditions. ;Soil particles are not homogeneous in terms of their oxygen content. The outer zones of a small soil particle may be fully oxic, whereas the center, only a very short distance away, can remain completely anoxic. ;A soil aggregate composed of mineral and organic components, showing that localization of soil microbes. ;Proportion of different soil microorganisms in soil;Microbos;Agrobacterium;The rhizosphere is the soil region in close contact with plant roots.;Within the rhizosphere, the plant roots exert a direct influence on the soil bacteria. This influence is known as the rhizosphere effect.;Microbial populations in the rhizosphere may benefit the plant by:;Freshwater Environments;Marine Environments ;第三节 微生物与生物环境间的关系;生态系统中生物之间的相互关系：;动物间的关系;微生物生态的研究特点：;;Neutralism(中立) there is no any physiologi