第八部记忆.pptVIP

第八章 记忆 一、记忆研究中的各种变量 二、艾宾浩斯与巴特利特的研究 三、记忆过程：编码、存储与提取 四、启动效应与记忆系统 一、记忆研究中的各种变量（1） Dependent Variables：Remembering may be measured in numerous ways; these often involve recall or recognition. In recall tests, reproduction of material is required. Whereas in recognition tests, material is presented to people and they are required to judge whether or not they have seen it previously. 一、记忆研究中的各种变量（2） Three popular recall tests are serial recall, free recall, and paired-associate recall. Recognition tests are generally of two types. Yes/No recognition tests; Forced-choice recognition tests Forced-choice tests are preferred to yes/no tests because correcting for guessing is less of a problem. 一、记忆研究中的各种变量（3） In each case, the dependent measure in tests of recall and recognition is the number or proportion of items correctly recalled or recognized in different conditions or the number of errors, which amounts to the same thing. Sometimes a derivative measure is used, such as d from the theory of signal detection. Recently, investigators concerned with recognition have used reaction time as a dependent measure. 一、记忆研究中的各种变量（4） Recently, the study of implicit memory tests has intrigued cognitive psychologists. Although these tests do not require people to consciously remember the material they have studied, performance on these tasks is influenced or “primed” by previous exposure to the material. That is, implicit memory tests are tasks that can be performed without specific reference to the previous experiences in the laboratory. 一、记忆研究中的各种变量（5） Independent Variables: Many types of variables are manipulated in experiments on human memory. One of the most popular variables historically has been the nature of the material presented for memory. It can be letters, digits, nonsense syllables, words, phrases, sentences, paragraphs, or long passages of prose; the characteristics of each of these types of material can also be varied; The retention interval between presentation of