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SPIKY VENTURE CAPITAL The Geography of Venture Capital Investment by Metro and Zip Code Cities The Cities Project at the Martin Prosperity Institute focuses on the role of cities as the key economic and social organizing unit of global capitalism. It explores both the opportunities and challenges facing cities as they take on this heightened new role. The Martin Prosperity Institute, housed at the University of Toronto’s Rotman School of Management, explores the requisite underpinnings of a democratic capitalist economy that generate prosperity that is both robustly growing and broadly experienced. SPIKY VENTURE CAPITAL The Geography of Venture Capital Investment by Metro and Zip Code Richard Florida Karen M. King Contents Executive Summary 6 Introduction 8 Venture Capital Investment by Metro 10 Venture Capital Investment per Capita 12 Venture Capital Investment by Zip Code 14 Key Factors in the Geography of Venture Capital Investment 17 Innovation and High-Tech Industry 17 Wages and Income 17 Talent 18 Openness and Diversity 19 Density versus Sprawl 20 Housing, Inequality, and Segregation 21 Conclusion 23 Appendix: Variables, Data, and Methodology 24 Correlation Analysis Variables 24 References 27 About the Authors 31 4 Spiky Venture Capital Exhibits Exhibit 1 Venture Capital Investment in the United States 10 Exhibit 2 Top 20 Metros for Venture Capital Investment in the United States 11 Exhibit 3 Venture Capital Investment in the United States per Capita 12 Exhibit 4 Top 20 Metros by Venture Capital Investment in the United States per Capita 13 Exhibit 5 Venture Capital Investment in the United States by Zip Code 14 Exhibit 6 Top 20 Zip Codes for Venture Capital Investment 15 Exhibit 7 High-Tech and Innovation Correlations 17 Exhibit 8 Wage, Income, and Economic Output Correlations 18 Exhibit 9 Talent Correlations 18 Exhibit 10 Working and Service Class Correlations 18 Exhibit 11 Correlations for Occupations 19 Exhibit 12 Foreign-born and Gay Correlations 20 Exhi