翻译理论与实践概述..ppt

口译（interpreting）：最高?同声传译（SI） 笔译（translation）：最新?机器翻译（CAT） * （外文局与北外）翻译证书考试：NAETI (National Accreditation Exam for Translators and Interpreters) * （人事部）全国翻译专业资格考试：CATTI (China Aptitude Test for Translators and Interpreters) 口译（interpretation）类别 形式分类法 1.交替口译consecutive interpretation 2.同声传译simultaneous interpretation 3.耳语口译whispering interpretation 4.视阅口译sight interpretation 按传译方向 1. 单向口译 one-way interpretation 2.双向口译 two-way interpretation 按操作内容 1. 导游口译guide interpretation 2. 礼仪口译ceremony interpretation 3. 宣传口译information interpretation 4.会议口译conference interpretation 5. 谈判口译negotiation interpretation 按翻译材料的文体分类 应用文翻译 科技翻译 文学翻译  按意义和形式分类: 直译 意译 Because a given text has both form and meaning, there are two main kinds of translations. One is form-based and the other is meaning-based. The form-based translation: Literal translation The meaning-based translation: Free translation Literal Translation * Literal translation takes sentences as its basic units and the whole text into consideration at the same time in the course of translating. Literal translation strives to reproduce both the ideological content and style of the entire literary work and retain as much as possible the figures of speech and such main sentence structures as SV, SVO, etc. Only when translators keep the meaning and spirit of the original sentence structure and/or its figures of speech, can their translation be regarded as the proper literal translation; other wise it is merely “dead” or “mechanical” translation. Example for Literal Translations 梁亦清默默地看了他一眼，心说：初生牛犊不怕虎，你懂得什么？ Without a word, Liang shot a glance at his young apprentice, thinking to himself, “Newborn calves have no fear of tigers. What do you know?” Free Translation Free translation is defined as a supplementary means to mainly convey the meaning and spirit of the original without trying to reproduce its sentence patterns or figures of speech. And it is adopted only when and where it is really impo