Reservoir and Fracturing Technology Issues in Tight Gas Development（致密气藏开发中的储层和压裂技术问题）.pptxVIP

SPE Calgary SectionReservoir and FracturingTechnology Issues in Tight GasDevelopmentA . (Tony) SettariUniversity of CalgaryTAURUS Reservoir Solutions, CalgaryWith contributions from R.C. (Bob) BachmanTAURUS Reservoir Solutions, CalgaryOutline? A bit of history of tight gas development? Sampling of technology issues/advances:– Reserves estimation– PTA – special issues for tight gas– Modeling? Frac treatment analysis/optimization– Frac length vs conductivity– Waterfracs– Geomechanics - Shear fracturing? Frac monitoring and links to geophysics? SummaryA bit of history of tight gas? Onshore North America since the 1970’s? Tax incentives in the US in 1980’s spurred technology, first foray into CBM business and shales? Large amount of technology developed in 1980’s:– Driven by belief in “bigger is better” and “adding reserves by fracturing”? Persistent low prices in the 1990’s– slowed RD (with exceptions…)– Technology packaging and user friendliness? Current scene– Revival of tight gas on international scale (until summer 2008 …)– Unconventional gas (TG, shale, CBM,…) share rising– Development of monitoring technology and geomechanical aspects A bit of history? Schematic of the history of propped frac job sizes (Cotton Valley, Wilcox Lobo, U.S.)evolution of frac size (schematic)Maximumjob sizepumped: 7MM lb ofsand (Mobil,GHR in W.Texas)1,400,0001,200,0001,000,000 800,000 600,000 400,000jub size (lb of proppant)200,000 0 year6668707478828690949800040619191919191919191919202020Reservoir characterizationchallenges? Geology and stratigraphy– Faulting– Lenticular sands– Channels and complex features– Shale/sand sequences? Fracture characterization– Seismic methods– Wellbore imaging– DFM modeling– Production, PTA, …? Integration of methods improves quality ofcharacterizationReserves estimation? Tight gas – one possible definition:– Permeability = 0.1 md– Hydraulically fractured? Cannot produce without a stimulation? Must estimate reserves usually fromshort-time data – challeng