精读第四课Digenes and Alexander背景知识课件.pptVIP

Thanks Diogenes and Alexander 第欧根尼和亚历山大 About the Author Gilbert Arthur Highet (June 22, 1906 – January 20, 1978) was a Scottish-American classicist, academic, writer, critic and literary historian. Born in Scotland, he is best known as a mid-20th-century teacher of the humanities in the United States. Highet devoted most of his energy to teaching, but he also aspired to raise the level of mass culture and achieved broader influence by publishing essays and books. Diogenes Nothing is known about his life, but his surviving Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers （《名哲言行录》）is a principal source for the history of Greek philosophy. He thought that all should live natually, for what is natural is normal and cannot possibly be evil or shameful. Live without conventions, which are artificial and false: escape complexities and extravagances(奢侈): only so can you live a free life. According to a popular story, Diogenes walked through Athens in broad daylight carrying a lighted lamp, saying that he was looking for an honest man. On another occasion Diogenes is said to have had an interview with Alexander the Great, who opened the conversation with “I am Alexander the Great.” He answered, “And I am Diogenes the Cynic.” Alexander then asked him in what way he could serve him. “You can step out of my sunlight.” Diogenes replied. Alexander is said to have been so struck with the Cynic’s self-possession that he went away remarking, “If I were not Alexander, I should wish to be Diogenes.” Diogenes and Alexander 人物思想 他认为除了自然的需要必须满足外，其他的任何东西，包括社会生活和文化生活，都是不自然的、无足轻重的。他强调禁欲主义的自我满足，鼓励放弃舒适环境。作为一个苦行主义的身体力行者，他居住在一只木桶内，过着乞丐一样的生活。每天白天他都会打着灯笼在街上“寻找诚实的人”。第欧根尼揭露大多数传统的标准和信条的虚伪性，号召人们回复简朴自然的理想状态生活。 　　后来他师承苏格拉底的弟子安提斯泰尼，以身作则发扬了老师的“犬儒哲学”，试图颠覆一切传统价值。他从不介意别人称呼他为“狗”，他甚至高呼“像狗一样活着”。人们把他们的哲学叫做“犬儒主义”（Cynicism）。他的哲学思想为古希腊崇尚简朴的生活理想奠定了基础。归到他名下但现已失传的各种著作中，有对话、戏剧和一部《共和国》，该书描绘无政府主义者的乌托邦，人们在其中过着“自然”的生活。 第欧根尼 Plato Plato(428/427 BC[a] – 348/347 BC) was a philosopher in Classical Greece.