农户经营学－第二章节资料.pptVIP

农户经营学 第二 讲 农户分析框架及农户行为理论介绍 有关于理性小农的讨论？ 官员和学者的观点 调查的经历 孟德拉斯的观察 农户行为分析框架 “The theory of the optimizing peasant”(Lipton, 1968) a The profit maximization peasant; b The risk-averse peasant; c The drudgery-averse peasant; d The farm household peasant； e The sharecropping peasant. a: The profit maximizing peasant Schultz hypothesis that families in developing countries were ‘efficient but poor’, and thus that ‘There are comparatively few significant inefficiencies in the allocation of the factors of production in traditional agriculture’ (Schultz, 1964: Transforming Traditional Agriculture) 一些案例 危地马拉的研究：这个社会到处存在产品和要素的定价的竞争，从各方面说，价格都是特别灵活的。印第安人“首先是一个企业家，一个商人”，他总在竭力寻求哪怕能赚到一个便士的新途径（索尔·塔克斯，《一个便士的资本主义》） 轮作制、耕种法、品种、灌溉技术……，这一切都保留了丰富的实际经验和文化才智积累的痕迹。……从村民的观点来看，每个人都竭力尽了自己在一定知识和文化背景下的最大努力。（戴维·霍珀，《中印度北部农村的经济组织》） 舒尔茨，《改造传统农业》，商务印书馆，1999年 Peasants are profit maximizing economic agents who are thus efficient producers. technical efficient and allocative/price efficient Policy implication If peasants are efficient within the constraints of existing technology then only dramatic change in technology will do. (transformation approach) If peasants are technically inefficient, then peasant education and extension has a major role. (improvement approach) b: The risk-averse peasant Risk, uncertainty and peasants risk - probabilities can be attached uncertainty - probabilities cannot be attached Natural hazards; Mkt fluctuations; Social uncertainty; State actions and wars. Risk and farmers’ risk behavior (Binswanger, et al, 1983) risk-averse; risk neutral; risk taking Policy implication Natural hazards irrigation crop insurance resistant va