蛋白质的修饰-中国科学院生物化学与细胞生物学研究所.PDF

中国科学院上海⽣命科学研究院 “BIO2000” 2018 Secretory Pathway 主讲教师：胡俊杰 2018.04.11 第五节细胞内膜系统 ⼀、分泌蛋⽩的⽣命周期 合成 修饰 折叠 降解 （⼀）蛋⽩质的合成——核糖体 核糖体的成分 核糖体是由RNA和蛋⽩质组成 可分为⼩亚基和⼤亚基 原核⽣物：30S 50S 16S RNA + 21 proteins 5S,23S RNA + 34 proteins 真核⽣物：40S 60S 18S RNA + 33 proteins 5S,5.8S,28S RNA + 49 proteins A svedberg (symbol S, sometimes Sv, not to be confused with Sv for the SI unit sievert as well as the non-SI sverdrup) is a non-SI physical unit used for sedimentation coefficients. It characterizes the behaviour of a particle type in sedimentation processes, notably centrifugation. The svedberg is technically a measure of time, and is defined as exactly 10-13 seconds (100 fs). The unit is named after the Swedish chemist Theodor Svedberg (1884-1971), winner of the Nobel prize in chemistry in 1926 for his work in the chemistry of colloids and his invention of the ultracentrifuge. Bigger particles generally sediment faster, and therefore have higher svedberg values. The svedberg is however not additive. Since the sedimentation rate is associated with the size of the particle, when two particles bind together there is inevitably a loss of surface area. Thus when measured separately they will have svedberg values that do not add up to that of the particle formed when they bind together. The svedberg is the most important measure used to distinguish ribosomes, which are important in phylogenetic studies. 核糖体的结构 Views of the structure of the T. thermophilus 70S ribosome. 核糖体的功能 RNA执⾏所有的催化功能 辅助因⼦：accessory factor, GTP, tRNA, amino acids Polysome （⼆）蛋⽩质的修饰 （1）辅酶或辅基与酶的共价结合。 （2）磷酸化与去磷酸化，⽤以调节很多蛋⽩质的⽣物活性 （3）糖基化（哺乳动物中把N-⼄酰葡萄糖胺O-GlcNAc加到