Lab.12-Determinethevalueofair实验12空气值的测定.pptVIP

Lab. 12- Determine the ? value of air實驗12：空氣 ? 值的測定 I. Object: Measure the ? ratio of air using Clement Desorms’ method. 目的：以克雷孟和德梭姆的方法測量空氣的?值 = cp/cv =定壓比熱及定容比熱比值, -- 氣體動力學中一個很重要參數 Adiabatic process (絕熱過程) Broilge Law: at constant T，an ideal gas with the fixed particles obeys PV = nRT =constant. But real gas isn’t a good heat conductor, it need time to reach a new thermal equilibrium. As P and V change too rapidly, e.g., the propagation of sound, the energies between the parts of gas can not exchange with each other at once. So it is impossible for the isothermal process (等溫過程), the realize reaction shall be an adiabatic process. Adiabatic process: If gas is compressed (expanded), all work done by the surrounding becomes (dissipate) the internal energy of gas, thus the P and T of gas will simultaneously increase (decrease). The slope of p(V) curve in adiabatic process must steeper than in the isothermal process. 熱力學第一定律(能量守恆)：系統能量 U 之微分 dU (1st thermodynamical law: energy conservation law) 吸/放熱+作正功(endothermic/exothermic reaction + do positive work): dU = dQ + dW 吸/放熱+作負功(endothermic/exothermic reaction + do negative work): dU = dQ – pdV 摩爾定容比熱(molar heat capacity at constant volume) 摩爾定壓比熱 (molar heat capacity at constant pressure) 空氣在室溫(T ~ 300 K)可視為接近理想氣體 (Air at 300 K can be as idea gas) pV = NkT , pV = nRT N = 粒子數 (Particle number) k = 1.38 x 10-23 J/K = 波茲曼常數(Boltzman constant) n ? N/NA = 粒子摩爾數(Molar no.) NA = 6.02 x 1023 /mol = 亞佛加德常數(Advogadro constant) R ? kNA = 8.31 J/mol-K = 氣體常數 (Gas constant) Principle (原理) Derive the ? value of idea gas Ideal gases pV = nRT ? pdV + Vdp = nRdT Constant Pressure dp = 0 (定壓時) dQ = dU + pdV = dU + nRdT 能量均分(Equipartition of Energy): kT/2 per degree of freedom 空氣主要為雙原子分子N2 : 78%, O2 : 21%，在室溫(T ~ 300 K) ? 有3個自由度的平移，2個自由度的轉動，但不會振動。 ? 故每一分子共有5自由度，每自由度貢獻 kT/2 能量。 ? 總能量Total = U ~ 5nRT/2