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ON STARS, THEIR EVOLUTION
AND THEIR STABILITY
Nobel lecture, 8 December, 1983
by
SUBRAHMANYAN CHANDRASEKHAR
The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
1. Introduction
When we think of atoms, we have a clear picture in our minds: a central nucleus
and a swarm of electrons surrounding it. We conceive them as small objects of
sizes measured in Angstroms (~l0-8 cm); and we know that some hundred
different species of them exist. This picture is, of course, quantified and made
precise in modern quantum theory. And the success of the entire theory may be
traced to two basic facts: first, the Bohr radius of the ground state of the hydrogen
atom, namely,
(1)
where h is Planck’s constant, m is the mass of the electron and e is its charge,
provides a correct measure of atomic dimensions; and second, the reciprocal of
Sommerfeld’s fine-structure constant,
(2)
gives the maximum positive charge of the central nucleus that will allow a stable
electron-orbit around it. This maximum charge for the central nucleus arises
from the effects of special relativity on the motions of the orbiting electrons.
We now ask: can we understand the basic facts concerning stars as simply as
we understand atoms in terms of the two combinations of natural constants (1)
and (2). In this lecture, I shall attempt to show that in a limited sense
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