微生物的繁衍和人为控制.pptVIP

* 将少量单细胞的纯培养，接种到一恒定容积的液体培养基中，在适宜条件下培养，定时取样，测菌量。以培养时间为横坐标，以细菌增长数目的对数为纵坐标，绘制所得的曲线。 典型的生长曲线一般可分为延迟期、对数期、稳定期和衰亡期。 a. Lag Phase Organisms are adjusting to the environment ( little or no division). They are synthesizing DNA, ribosomes and enzymes to breakdown nutrients, and to be used for growth. b. Log or Logarithmic phase Division is at a constant rate (generation time) but varies with species, temperature and media. Cells are most susceptible to inhibitors. c. Stationary phase Dying and dividing organisms are at an equilibrium. Death is due to reduced nutrients, pH changes, toxic waste and reduced oxygen. Cells are smaller and have fewer ribosomes. In some cases cells do not die but they are not multiplying. d. Death or Decline phase The population is dying in a geometric fashion so there are more deaths than new cells. Deaths are due to the factors in stationary phase in addition to lytic enzymes that are released when bacteria lyse. 从曲线上可以看到以下现象： * Four characteristic phases of the growth cycle are recognized. 1. Lag Phase. Immediately after inoculation of the cells into fresh medium, the population remains temporarily unchanged. Although there is no apparent cell division occurring, the cells may be growing in volume or mass, synthesizing enzymes, proteins, RNA, etc., and increasing in metabolic activity. The length of the lag phase is apparently dependent on a wide variety of factors including the size of the inoculum; time necessary to recover from physiacal damage or shock in the transfer; time required for synthesis of essential coenzymes or division factors; and time required for synthesis of new (inducible) enzymes that are necessary to metabolize the substrates present in the medium. 延迟期 特点：开始时细胞一般不立即进行繁殖，细菌数几乎不增加，曲线稍平。此时期细胞内的代谢活动比较旺盛，细胞体积明显增大，在此期的后期，少数细胞开始分裂，曲线略有上升。 产生的原因：是细胞为了适应新环境需要进行调整，比如需要合成新的必需的酶、辅酶或某些中间代谢产物，或者缺乏足够的能量或生长因子。或接种时造成损伤等。 原因：由于细胞进入新环境, 细胞数目无增长，甚至有所下 降有一个适应过程，进行大量 的酶（诱导酶）的生成。 细胞特性:细胞的新陈代谢非 常旺盛，个体体积显著增大， 适应新环境