McCain v. Obama Town Hall Debate课件.ppt

Selection Bias Professional Criteria for Newsworthiness Drama, color, simplicity 精品文档 Long Island News Experiment How to tell an “unemployment is increasing” story? Framing Causal Iyengar and Kinder, Experimental demonstrations of the “not-so-minimal” consequences of television news programs, American Political Science Review, 1982 精品文档 Systemic Explanations National trend in increasing unemployment 精品文档 Individual Explanations unemployed auto worker in Ohio 精品文档 Framing (cont) What is the most important cause of poverty Systemic Framing viewers 78% say (the recession) or government and society (references to Reagan’s policies) Individual Framing viewers 62% say motivation (laziness) or skills 精品文档 Implications of Framing Individual frames encourage people to hold individual responsible for the situation they are in Systemic frames encourage people to hold the public officials responsible. 精品文档 Media Poor People CBS News 66% black, 34% non-black 15% working, 85% non working -unemployed New Orleans youth, Newsweek 精品文档 Real Poor People US Census 29% black, 71% non-black 51% work, 49% non-working 精品文档 Policy Consequences of Selection Bias Media Poor- black and unemployed Real Poor- white and working Surveys 50% of all poor people are black 精品文档 3 Potential Sources of Bias Ideological bias of reporters/editors Professional/selection bias of reporters Profit bias of corporate owners 精品文档 Competition 1960- 7 channels; today 500+ more ways to obtain news or avoid it. Changing demographics 24-hour-a-day cable news viewers harder to attract 精品文档 ABC TV/Radio, ESPN, E!, Lifetime, AE, History, Touchstone AOL, Warner Bros, Time Warner Cable, TBS, CNN, HBO, the WB, Turner Broadcasting NBC, CNBC, MSNBC, Telemundo, Bravo Fox TV, SKY, START, Weekly Standard, Tech Valley Guide, New York Post CBS, MTV, BET, Showtime, Infinity Radio, 精品文档 Impact on News Shift in Business Model Profitability Reporting Ratings driven FCC scraps “Public Service Requirement” 精品文档 De