1.抽象代数导论（Introduction-to-Abstract-Algebra）-2.张量分析课件.pptVIP

Ring 環 A ring is a nonempty set with two binary operations and on such that is a commutative group is a semigroup The two operations are related by the distributive laws 精品文档 A ring consists of a nonempty set and two operations, called addition and multiplication and denoted by and , respectively, satisfying the requirements: R is closed under addition Commutative Associative Identity element 0 Inverse R is closed under multiplication Associate Distributive law 精品文档 Monoid Ring 單子環 A monoid ring is a ring with identity that is a semigroup with identity Ring Monoid ring 精品文档 Ring with commutative property Commutative Commutative monoid Ring 精品文档 Subring 子環 The triple is a subring of the ring is a nonempty subset of is a subgroup of is closed under multiplication 精品文档 The minimal set of conditions for determining subrings Let be ring and Then the triple is a subring of if and only if Closed under differences Closed under multiplication Ex. Let then is a subring of , since This shows that is closed under both differences and products. 精品文档 Field 域 A field is a commutative monoid ring in which each nonzero element has an inverse under Definition of Field 精品文档 Vector 向量 An n-component, or n-dimensional, vector is an n tuple of real numbers written either in a row or in a column. Row vector Column vector called the components of the vector n is the dimension of the vector 精品文档 Vector space 向量空間 A vector space( or linear space) over the field F consists of the following: A commutative group whose elements are called vectors. 精品文档 A field whose elements are called sca