复旦大学软件学院计算机系统课件 Arithmetic Operations.pptVIP

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Code Examples Obtain with command objdump -d code.o Disassembly output 0x80483b4 sum: 0x80483b4 55 0x80483b5 89 e5 0x80483b7 8b 45 0c 0x80483ba 03 45 08 0x80483bd 01 05 00 00 00 00 0x80483c3 89 ec 0x80483c5 5d 0x80483c6 c3 push %ebp mov %esp,%ebp mov 0xc(%ebp),%eax add 0x8(%ebp),%eax add %eax, 0x0 mov %ebp,%esp pop %ebp ret * Object Code 3-byte instruction Stored at address 0x80483ba 0x80483ba: 03 45 08 * Operations in Assembly Instructions Performs only a very elementary operation Normally one by one in sequential Operate data stored in registers Transfer data between memory and a register Conditionally branch to a new instruction address * Understanding Machine Execution Where the sequence of instructions are stored? In virtual memory Code area How the instructions are executed? %eip stores an address of memory, from the address, machine can read a whole instruction once then execute it increase %eip %eip is also called program counter (PC) * Code Layout kernel virtual memory Read only code Read only data Read/write data forbidden memory invisible to user code Linux/x86 process memory image 0xffffffff 0xc0000000 0%eip * Data layout Object model in assembly A large, byte-addressable array No distinctions even between signed or unsigned integers Code, user data, OS data Run-time stack for managing procedure call and return Blocks of memory allocated by user * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Characteristics of the assembly programming languages Managing memory Low level instructions to carry out the computation Highly machine specific * Why should we understand the assembly code Understand the optimization capabilities of the compiler Analyze the underlying inefficiencies in the code Sometimes the run-time behavior of a program is needed * From writing assembly code to understand assembly code Different set of skills Transforma