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* Lecture 11 Digital Filter Structures Structures for discrete-time filters ? “filter”: DT system ? Structures ? ? block diagrams/ signal flow graphs ? Many possible structures for one filter – Direct forms – Cascade form – Parallel form – Transposed forms ? Convolution sum ? no IIR ! ? FIR or IIR filters with Rational TF: difference equation Realization of filters ? Implementation: software or hardware – limited precision effects in digital implementations (round-off noise, overflow,. . . ) – stability of desired properties (e.g. linear-phase ) – minimization of the required resources Block diagrams / signal flowgraphs Example: y[n] = b0 x[n ] + b1 x[ n - 1] + a1 y[ n - 1] | z | | a1 | Realization of filters Ex. Multiple Structures ? all equivalent analytically ( Infinite precision ) ? all different w.r.t. ( finite precision ) – resources (number of delays, adders, multipliers) – robustness – error propagation, overflow An Nth-order IIR digital filter with transfer system: Difference equation: x[n] x[n-1] x[n-2] x[n-M] y[n] y[n-1] y[n-2] y[n-M] Basic Structures: Direct form I for IIR filters *
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